2014 |
Perrone, Maria Grazia; Carbone, Claudio; Faedo, Davide; Ferrero, Luca; Maggioni, Angela; Sangiorgi, Giorgia; Bolzacchini, Ezio Atmospheric Environment, 82 (0), pp. 391 - 400, 2014, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{Perrone2014, title = {Exhaust emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes and phenols from vehicles coming within different European classes}, author = {Maria Grazia Perrone and Claudio Carbone and Davide Faedo and Luca Ferrero and Angela Maggioni and Giorgia Sangiorgi and Ezio Bolzacchini}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231013007930}, issn = {1352-2310}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-01-01}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {82}, number = {0}, pages = {391 - 400}, abstract = {Abstract EU emission standards for vehicles do not include many particulate (PM) and gaseous species, despite their considerable impact on air pollution and health. Emission factors (EFs) were measured for unregulated species, i.e. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes (ALKs) in the particle phase, and, for the first time, EFs for phenols in both particle and gas phases. Exhaust samples were collected under controlled operating conditions (chassis dynamometer tests) for in-service vehicles (private cars, PCs and light duty vehicles, LDVs) from different EURO classes. EFs of trace organics were highest for the old EURO 1 vehicles (the tested EURO 1 vehicles were without emission-control devices), and lowest for the more recent EURO 3 and 4 vehicles. ALKs (C20–C32) were the most abundant trace organic compounds found in PM vehicle exhaust, and their EF ranged between 2034 and 101 μg km−1 (Euro 1–4 LDVs). PM-phased phenols EFs were in the range 0.42–2.50 μg km−1, and 4-nitrophenol was the most abundant one. The highest EFs were measured for phenols in the gas phase (dominated by the presence of phenol) for gasoline EURO 1 (43.16 ± 9.99 μg km−1). Emissions of PAHs changed depending on the fuel used. The PAH EFs of diesel-driven PCs were 4–5 times higher than those of gasoline vehicles, with PAHs diesel exhaust being mainly enriched in low 4-ring PAHs (85%), while 5–6 ring PAHs were prevalent (55%) in gasoline vehicles. Results of source profiles from chassis dynamometer tests were compared with ambient data, and the traffic PAH source profile derived from a tunnel study (Milan) agreed with the estimated emissions from a mix of diesel and gasoline vehicles circulating in the same area. Moreover, the impact of EURO regulatory changes on exhaust emissions was calculated, and this made it possible to estimate the downward trend of PAH emissions in the Province of Milan in the period 2005–2020.}, keywords = {} } Abstract EU emission standards for vehicles do not include many particulate (PM) and gaseous species, despite their considerable impact on air pollution and health. Emission factors (EFs) were measured for unregulated species, i.e. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes (ALKs) in the particle phase, and, for the first time, EFs for phenols in both particle and gas phases. Exhaust samples were collected under controlled operating conditions (chassis dynamometer tests) for in-service vehicles (private cars, PCs and light duty vehicles, LDVs) from different EURO classes. EFs of trace organics were highest for the old EURO 1 vehicles (the tested EURO 1 vehicles were without emission-control devices), and lowest for the more recent EURO 3 and 4 vehicles. ALKs (C20–C32) were the most abundant trace organic compounds found in PM vehicle exhaust, and their EF ranged between 2034 and 101 μg km−1 (Euro 1–4 LDVs). PM-phased phenols EFs were in the range 0.42–2.50 μg km−1, and 4-nitrophenol was the most abundant one. The highest EFs were measured for phenols in the gas phase (dominated by the presence of phenol) for gasoline EURO 1 (43.16 ± 9.99 μg km−1). Emissions of PAHs changed depending on the fuel used. The PAH EFs of diesel-driven PCs were 4–5 times higher than those of gasoline vehicles, with PAHs diesel exhaust being mainly enriched in low 4-ring PAHs (85%), while 5–6 ring PAHs were prevalent (55%) in gasoline vehicles. Results of source profiles from chassis dynamometer tests were compared with ambient data, and the traffic PAH source profile derived from a tunnel study (Milan) agreed with the estimated emissions from a mix of diesel and gasoline vehicles circulating in the same area. Moreover, the impact of EURO regulatory changes on exhaust emissions was calculated, and this made it possible to estimate the downward trend of PAH emissions in the Province of Milan in the period 2005–2020. |
2013 |
Ferrero, Luca; Sangiorgi, Giorgia; Ferrini, Barbara; Perrone, Maria; Moscatelli, Marco; D’Angelo, Luca; Rovelli, Grazia; Ariatta, Alberto; Truccolo, Redy; Bolzacchini, Ezio Aerosol Corrosion Prevention and Energy-Saving Strategies in the Design of Green Data Centers (Article) Environmental Science & Technology, 47 (8), pp. 3856-3864, 2013. @article{doi:10.1021/es304790f, title = {Aerosol Corrosion Prevention and Energy-Saving Strategies in the Design of Green Data Centers}, author = {Ferrero, Luca and Sangiorgi, Giorgia and Ferrini, Barbara S. and Perrone, Maria G. and Moscatelli, Marco and D’Angelo, Luca and Rovelli, Grazia and Ariatta, Alberto and Truccolo, Redy and Bolzacchini, Ezio}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es304790f}, year = {2013}, date = {2013-01-01}, journal = {Environmental Science & Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {8}, pages = {3856-3864}, abstract = {The energy demands of data centers (DCs) worldwide are rapidly increasing, as are their environmental and economic costs. This paper presents a study conducted at Sannazzaro de’ Burgondi (Po Valley), Italy, specifically aimed at optimizing the operating conditions of a DC designed for the Italian Oil and Gas Company (Eni) (5200 m2 of Information Technology installed, 30 MW) and based on a direct free cooling (DFC) system. The aim of the study was to save the largest possible quantity of energy, while at the same time preventing aerosol corrosion. The aerosol properties (number size distribution, chemical composition, deliquescence relative humidity (DRH), acidity) and meteorological parameters were monitored and utilized to determine the potential levels of aerosol entering the DC (equivalent ISO class), together with its DRH. These data enabled us both to select the DC’s filtering system (MERV13 filters) and to optimize the cooling cycle through calculation of the most reliable humidity cycle (60% of maximum allowed RH) applicable to the DFC. A potential energy saving of 81%, compared to a traditional air conditioning cooling system, was estimated: in one year, for 1 kW of installed information technology, the estimated energy saving is 7.4 MWh, resulting in 2.7 fewer tons of CO2 being emitted, and a financial saving of € 1100. URL = http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es304790f}, keywords = {} } The energy demands of data centers (DCs) worldwide are rapidly increasing, as are their environmental and economic costs. This paper presents a study conducted at Sannazzaro de’ Burgondi (Po Valley), Italy, specifically aimed at optimizing the operating conditions of a DC designed for the Italian Oil and Gas Company (Eni) (5200 m2 of Information Technology installed, 30 MW) and based on a direct free cooling (DFC) system. The aim of the study was to save the largest possible quantity of energy, while at the same time preventing aerosol corrosion. The aerosol properties (number size distribution, chemical composition, deliquescence relative humidity (DRH), acidity) and meteorological parameters were monitored and utilized to determine the potential levels of aerosol entering the DC (equivalent ISO class), together with its DRH. These data enabled us both to select the DC’s filtering system (MERV13 filters) and to optimize the cooling cycle through calculation of the most reliable humidity cycle (60% of maximum allowed RH) applicable to the DFC. A potential energy saving of 81%, compared to a traditional air conditioning cooling system, was estimated: in one year, for 1 kW of installed information technology, the estimated energy saving is 7.4 MWh, resulting in 2.7 fewer tons of CO2 being emitted, and a financial saving of € 1100. URL = http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es304790f |
Moroni, Beatrice; Ferrero, Luca; Crocchianti, Stefano; Perrone, MariaGrazia; Sangiorgi, Giorgia; Bolzacchini, Ezio; Cappelletti, David Rendiconti Lincei, 24 (4), pp. 319-328, 2013, ISSN: 2037-4631. @article{, title = {Aerosol dynamics upon Terni basin (Central Italy): results of integrated vertical profile measurements and electron microscopy analyses}, author = {Moroni, Beatrice and Ferrero, Luca and Crocchianti, Stefano and Perrone, MariaGrazia and Sangiorgi, Giorgia and Bolzacchini, Ezio and Cappelletti, David}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-013-0230-8}, issn = {2037-4631}, year = {2013}, date = {2013-01-01}, journal = {Rendiconti Lincei}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {319-328}, publisher = {Springer Milan}, abstract = {In this work, aerosol size distribution measurements along with individual particle analyses were performed along the vertical profile in the atmosphere, to shed some light on the dynamics of evolution of aerosol properties upon a basin valley. The case study is the Terni basin, one of the most polluted urban and industrial sites in central Italy. Aerosol vertical profile measurements were performed using a helium-filled tethered balloon equipped with an optical particle counter (OPC), a miniaturized cascade impactor with particle collection filter, and a portable meteorological station. Combined OPC number size measurements and single particle analyses by scanning electron microscopy were employed to reconstruct the pattern and evolution of aerosol properties over the basin. Moreover, the CHIMERE chemistry-transport model was applied over a selected computing domain to obtain a general overview of the driving forces of the aerosol dynamics. Scanning electron microscopy methods along with chemical transport modeling revealed distinct distributions of number, size and geochemical properties of different particles classes in the aerosols. These reflect distinct behaviours and spatial/temporal evolution of the constituent particles, along with the common occurrence of dust inputs from regional to long range sources (e.g., Saharan dust inputs). All these features have to be taken into consideration when approaching the modeling of atmospheric processes, particularly in basin valleys located in Central and Southern Italy where the influence of Saharan dust outbreaks is more pronounced.}, keywords = {} } In this work, aerosol size distribution measurements along with individual particle analyses were performed along the vertical profile in the atmosphere, to shed some light on the dynamics of evolution of aerosol properties upon a basin valley. The case study is the Terni basin, one of the most polluted urban and industrial sites in central Italy. Aerosol vertical profile measurements were performed using a helium-filled tethered balloon equipped with an optical particle counter (OPC), a miniaturized cascade impactor with particle collection filter, and a portable meteorological station. Combined OPC number size measurements and single particle analyses by scanning electron microscopy were employed to reconstruct the pattern and evolution of aerosol properties over the basin. Moreover, the CHIMERE chemistry-transport model was applied over a selected computing domain to obtain a general overview of the driving forces of the aerosol dynamics. Scanning electron microscopy methods along with chemical transport modeling revealed distinct distributions of number, size and geochemical properties of different particles classes in the aerosols. These reflect distinct behaviours and spatial/temporal evolution of the constituent particles, along with the common occurrence of dust inputs from regional to long range sources (e.g., Saharan dust inputs). All these features have to be taken into consideration when approaching the modeling of atmospheric processes, particularly in basin valleys located in Central and Southern Italy where the influence of Saharan dust outbreaks is more pronounced. |
Sangiorgi,; Ferrero,; Ferrini,; Porto, Lo; Perrone,; Zangrando,; Gambaro,; Lazzati,; Bolzacchini, Indoor airborne particle sources and semi-volatile partitioning effect of outdoor fine PM in offices (Article) Atmospheric Environment, 65 (0), pp. 205 - 214, 2013, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{Sangiorgi2013205, title = {Indoor airborne particle sources and semi-volatile partitioning effect of outdoor fine PM in offices}, author = {G. Sangiorgi and L. Ferrero and B.S. Ferrini and C. Lo Porto and M.G. Perrone and R. Zangrando and A. Gambaro and Z. Lazzati and E. Bolzacchini}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231012010321}, issn = {1352-2310}, year = {2013}, date = {2013-01-01}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {65}, number = {0}, pages = {205 - 214}, abstract = {To date, few studies have focused on PM air quality in offices, despite the fact that a lot of people spend many working hours a day in such offices. The aim of the present study is to investigate PM1 and PM2.5 in offices in Milan (Northern Italy) and in the air outside those offices. The PM samples were analyzed to determine the entity of certain compounds with possible direct or indirect adverse effects on human health: PAHs, BpA, and water soluble inorganic ions. A good correlation between outdoor and indoor PM mass concentrations emerged (R2 ∼0.87). The maximum I/O concentration ratio was 0.92, suggesting that the indoor PM level was always lower than the outdoor level. The average infiltration factor, FINF, was 0.55, showing that about a half of the outdoor PM had come indoors. The indoor-generated particles, Cig, had values ranging from 0 to 4.4 μg m−3 (<25% of the indoor PM), showing that PM indoor sources had only made a limited contribution to total indoor PM. The results of the indoor-to-outdoor comparisons for the aforementioned chemical compounds demonstrate that the offices were characterized by the absence of effective indoor sources of particulate-bound PAHs and inorganic ions, whereas Cig was around 58% of the indoor concentration for BpA. Our analysis of the FINF data pointed to the presence of a volatilization effect from PM for semi-volatile compounds like ammonium nitrate and 4- or 5-ring PAHs, which affected the measurement of their FINF. We propose the introduction of a new and simple parameter, called volatilization correction, to take account of this effect.}, keywords = {} } To date, few studies have focused on PM air quality in offices, despite the fact that a lot of people spend many working hours a day in such offices. The aim of the present study is to investigate PM1 and PM2.5 in offices in Milan (Northern Italy) and in the air outside those offices. The PM samples were analyzed to determine the entity of certain compounds with possible direct or indirect adverse effects on human health: PAHs, BpA, and water soluble inorganic ions. A good correlation between outdoor and indoor PM mass concentrations emerged (R2 ∼0.87). The maximum I/O concentration ratio was 0.92, suggesting that the indoor PM level was always lower than the outdoor level. The average infiltration factor, FINF, was 0.55, showing that about a half of the outdoor PM had come indoors. The indoor-generated particles, Cig, had values ranging from 0 to 4.4 μg m−3 (<25% of the indoor PM), showing that PM indoor sources had only made a limited contribution to total indoor PM. The results of the indoor-to-outdoor comparisons for the aforementioned chemical compounds demonstrate that the offices were characterized by the absence of effective indoor sources of particulate-bound PAHs and inorganic ions, whereas Cig was around 58% of the indoor concentration for BpA. Our analysis of the FINF data pointed to the presence of a volatilization effect from PM for semi-volatile compounds like ammonium nitrate and 4- or 5-ring PAHs, which affected the measurement of their FINF. We propose the introduction of a new and simple parameter, called volatilization correction, to take account of this effect. |
Perrone,; Gualtieri,; Consonni,; Ferrero,; Sangiorgi,; Longhin,; Ballabio,; Bolzacchini,; Camatini, Environmental Pollution, 176 (0), pp. 215 - 227, 2013, ISSN: 0269-7491. @article{Perrone2013215, title = {Particle size, chemical composition, seasons of the year and urban, rural or remote site origins as determinants of biological effects of particulate matter on pulmonary cells}, author = {M.G. Perrone and M. Gualtieri and V. Consonni and L. Ferrero and G. Sangiorgi and E. Longhin and D. Ballabio and E. Bolzacchini and M. Camatini}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749113000274}, issn = {0269-7491}, year = {2013}, date = {2013-01-01}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {176}, number = {0}, pages = {215 - 227}, abstract = {Particulate matter (PM), a complex mix of chemical compounds, results to be associated with various health effects. However there is still lack of information on the impact of its different components. PM2.5 and PM1 samples, collected during the different seasons at an urban, rural and remote site, were chemically characterized and the biological effects induced on A549 cells were assessed. A Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis has been performed to relate PM chemical composition to the toxic effects observed. Results show that PM-induced biological effects changed with the seasons and sites, and such variations may be explained by chemical constituents of PM, derived both from primary and secondary sources. The first-time here reported biological responses induced by PM from a remote site at high altitude were associated with the high concentrations of metals and secondary species typical of the free tropospheric aerosol, influenced by long range transports and aging.}, keywords = {} } Particulate matter (PM), a complex mix of chemical compounds, results to be associated with various health effects. However there is still lack of information on the impact of its different components. PM2.5 and PM1 samples, collected during the different seasons at an urban, rural and remote site, were chemically characterized and the biological effects induced on A549 cells were assessed. A Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis has been performed to relate PM chemical composition to the toxic effects observed. Results show that PM-induced biological effects changed with the seasons and sites, and such variations may be explained by chemical constituents of PM, derived both from primary and secondary sources. The first-time here reported biological responses induced by PM from a remote site at high altitude were associated with the high concentrations of metals and secondary species typical of the free tropospheric aerosol, influenced by long range transports and aging. |
2012 |
Perrone,; Larsen,; Ferrero,; Sangiorgi,; Gennaro, De; Udisti,; Zangrando,; Gambaro,; Bolzacchini, Science of The Total Environment, 414 (0), pp. 343 - 355, 2012, ISSN: 0048-9697. @article{Perrone2012343, title = {Sources of high PM2.5 concentrations in Milan, Northern Italy: Molecular marker data and CMB modelling}, author = {M.G. Perrone and B.R. Larsen and L. Ferrero and G. Sangiorgi and G. De Gennaro and R. Udisti and R. Zangrando and A. Gambaro and E. Bolzacchini}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711012915}, issn = {0048-9697}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-01-01}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {414}, number = {0}, pages = {343 - 355}, abstract = {In Milan (MI), the largest city in Northern Italy, the annually average PM2.5 concentration is above 25 μg m− 3, the value that the EU established as a target for 2010, and the upper limit from 2015 onwards (2008/30/CE). Over a three-year period (2006–2009) PM concentrations and chemical compositions were measured in an urban site (MI), a rural site (OB) and a remote site (ASC) in Northern Italy. Chemical characterization (EC/OC, inorganic ions, elements, C20–C32 n-alkanes, C2–C5 mono and dicarboxylic acids, levoglucosan and PAHs) was carried out on PM2.5 samples from the three sites, and PM10 from MI. Molecular markers were used in Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) modelling to estimate the contributions of primary sources to OC, and then PM mass from each source was reconstructed in MI, OB and ASC for different seasons. Estimates of the traffic (TR) source contribution to PM2.5 mass ranged from 4.1 (± 2.0) μg m− 3 during the summer, to 13.3 (± 6.7) μg m− 3 during the winter in MI. TR was the main primary source for PM2.5 concentrations in MI (17–24%). Its contribution was lower at the OB site (7–9%) and at the remote ASC site (3–4%). TR is a local source, while biomass burning (BB) is a diffuse regional source in Northern Italy: during fall and winter, BB was 25–30% and 27–31% of PM2.5 at MI and OB respectively. Other primary sources accounted for a small amount of the PM2.5, i.e. natural gas combustion (0–1%), plant debris (0–4%), road dust (RD = 0–4%; but 15% at ASC during winter and 10% of PM10 at MI during summer) and sea salt (0–1%). Secondary inorganic + organic aerosol constituted the major part of the PM2.5 mass during spring and summer (50–65%) at the three sites.}, keywords = {} } In Milan (MI), the largest city in Northern Italy, the annually average PM2.5 concentration is above 25 μg m− 3, the value that the EU established as a target for 2010, and the upper limit from 2015 onwards (2008/30/CE). Over a three-year period (2006–2009) PM concentrations and chemical compositions were measured in an urban site (MI), a rural site (OB) and a remote site (ASC) in Northern Italy. Chemical characterization (EC/OC, inorganic ions, elements, C20–C32 n-alkanes, C2–C5 mono and dicarboxylic acids, levoglucosan and PAHs) was carried out on PM2.5 samples from the three sites, and PM10 from MI. Molecular markers were used in Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) modelling to estimate the contributions of primary sources to OC, and then PM mass from each source was reconstructed in MI, OB and ASC for different seasons. Estimates of the traffic (TR) source contribution to PM2.5 mass ranged from 4.1 (± 2.0) μg m− 3 during the summer, to 13.3 (± 6.7) μg m− 3 during the winter in MI. TR was the main primary source for PM2.5 concentrations in MI (17–24%). Its contribution was lower at the OB site (7–9%) and at the remote ASC site (3–4%). TR is a local source, while biomass burning (BB) is a diffuse regional source in Northern Italy: during fall and winter, BB was 25–30% and 27–31% of PM2.5 at MI and OB respectively. Other primary sources accounted for a small amount of the PM2.5, i.e. natural gas combustion (0–1%), plant debris (0–4%), road dust (RD = 0–4%; but 15% at ASC during winter and 10% of PM10 at MI during summer) and sea salt (0–1%). Secondary inorganic + organic aerosol constituted the major part of the PM2.5 mass during spring and summer (50–65%) at the three sites. |
Ferrero,; Cappelletti,; Moroni,; Sangiorgi,; Perrone,; Crocchianti,; Bolzacchini, Wintertime aerosol dynamics and chemical composition across the mixing layer over basin valleys (Article) Atmospheric Environment, 56 (0), pp. 143 - 153, 2012, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{Ferrero2012143, title = {Wintertime aerosol dynamics and chemical composition across the mixing layer over basin valleys}, author = {L. Ferrero and D. Cappelletti and B. Moroni and G. Sangiorgi and M.G. Perrone and S. Crocchianti and E. Bolzacchini}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231012003123}, issn = {1352-2310}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-01-01}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {56}, number = {0}, pages = {143 - 153}, abstract = {Aerosol size distributions and chemical compositions were characterized during extensive balloon soundings over the Terni valley (central Italy). The evolution of aerosol size distributions across the mixing layer, and further up, revealed features similar in many aspects to those observed over Milan (the Po Valley) and attributed to sedimentation and ageing dynamics. Sedimentation led to a lower vertical mixing of coarse particles than of fine ones. This also resulted in a decline in the mean volume of coarse particles across the mixing height (−50.5 ± 15.1% and −47.2 ± 12.4% over Terni and Milan, respectively) accompanied by a reduction in crustal components. Conversely, fine particles were subject to ageing, resulting in an increase in their mean volume above the mixing height (+10.9 ± 4.8% and +4.0 ± 3.1% over Terni and Milan, respectively); this process was accompanied by an increase in secondary aerosol components, and a greater correlation between different aerosol size-classes. These results were obtained over basins of different sizes and geographical location; as such, they corroborate the presence of common forms of behaviour driven by comparable meteorological and orographic conditions, which seem to characterize polluted basin valleys in general.}, keywords = {} } Aerosol size distributions and chemical compositions were characterized during extensive balloon soundings over the Terni valley (central Italy). The evolution of aerosol size distributions across the mixing layer, and further up, revealed features similar in many aspects to those observed over Milan (the Po Valley) and attributed to sedimentation and ageing dynamics. Sedimentation led to a lower vertical mixing of coarse particles than of fine ones. This also resulted in a decline in the mean volume of coarse particles across the mixing height (−50.5 ± 15.1% and −47.2 ± 12.4% over Terni and Milan, respectively) accompanied by a reduction in crustal components. Conversely, fine particles were subject to ageing, resulting in an increase in their mean volume above the mixing height (+10.9 ± 4.8% and +4.0 ± 3.1% over Terni and Milan, respectively); this process was accompanied by an increase in secondary aerosol components, and a greater correlation between different aerosol size-classes. These results were obtained over basins of different sizes and geographical location; as such, they corroborate the presence of common forms of behaviour driven by comparable meteorological and orographic conditions, which seem to characterize polluted basin valleys in general. |
2011 |
Ferrero,; Riccio,; Perrone,; Sangiorgi,; Ferrini,; Bolzacchini, Mixing height determination by tethered balloon-based particle soundings and modeling simulations (Article) Atmospheric Research, 102 (1–2), pp. 145 - 156, 2011, ISSN: 0169-8095. @article{Ferrero2011145, title = {Mixing height determination by tethered balloon-based particle soundings and modeling simulations}, author = {L. Ferrero and A. Riccio and M.G. Perrone and G. Sangiorgi and B.S. Ferrini and E. Bolzacchini}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809511002079}, issn = {0169-8095}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {Atmospheric Research}, volume = {102}, number = {1–2}, pages = {145 - 156}, abstract = {Vertical profiles of particle number concentration, potential temperature and relative humidity were measured in the Po Valley using an optical particle counter and a portable meteorological station attached to a tethered balloon. The field campaign covered the period 2006–2008, providing an extended dataset of vertical profiles in both stable and convective boundary-layer conditions. These vertical profiles were used to estimate an experimentally retrieved mixing height (MH). The MM5 meteorological model was also used to simulate the atmospheric dispersion characteristics for the same period, using a variety of different boundary-layer and land surface parameterization schemes (Medium-Range Forecast; high-resolution Blackadar; Gayno–Seaman; and Pleim–Chang). The model simulated MHs were compared among themselves, and then with that measured from balloon soundings. MRF parameterization represented the best compromise solution to simulate increasing MHs in the Po Valley. The MM5 simulations showed the regional character of meteorological forcing on PM ground-concentrations in the Po Valley.}, keywords = {} } Vertical profiles of particle number concentration, potential temperature and relative humidity were measured in the Po Valley using an optical particle counter and a portable meteorological station attached to a tethered balloon. The field campaign covered the period 2006–2008, providing an extended dataset of vertical profiles in both stable and convective boundary-layer conditions. These vertical profiles were used to estimate an experimentally retrieved mixing height (MH). The MM5 meteorological model was also used to simulate the atmospheric dispersion characteristics for the same period, using a variety of different boundary-layer and land surface parameterization schemes (Medium-Range Forecast; high-resolution Blackadar; Gayno–Seaman; and Pleim–Chang). The model simulated MHs were compared among themselves, and then with that measured from balloon soundings. MRF parameterization represented the best compromise solution to simulate increasing MHs in the Po Valley. The MM5 simulations showed the regional character of meteorological forcing on PM ground-concentrations in the Po Valley. |
Belis,; Cancelinha,; Duane,; Forcina,; Pedroni,; Passarella,; Tanet,; Douglas,; Piazzalunga,; Bolzacchini,; Sangiorgi,; Perrone,; Ferrero,; Fermo,; Larsen, Atmospheric Environment, 45 (39), pp. 7266 - 7275, 2011, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{Belis20117266, title = {Sources for PM air pollution in the Po Plain, Italy: I. Critical comparison of methods for estimating biomass burning contributions to benzo(a)pyrene}, author = {C.A. Belis and J. Cancelinha and M. Duane and V. Forcina and V. Pedroni and R. Passarella and G. Tanet and K. Douglas and A. Piazzalunga and E. Bolzacchini and G. Sangiorgi and M.-G. Perrone and L. Ferrero and P. Fermo and B.R. Larsen}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231011008983}, issn = {1352-2310}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {45}, number = {39}, pages = {7266 - 7275}, abstract = {Particle-bound benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) constitutes an air pollution problem in many areas of Europe and has been linked to biomass burning (BB). The present study, conducted in 2007 and 2009 at ten stations in the North Italian Po Plain and Valtelline Valley, examines four methods for the quantification of BB contributions to particle-bound B(a)P using data for 61 predictor compounds in more than 700 ambient PM10 and PM2.5 samples. The study was carried out during the heating season – a period of the year with minimal volatilization and atmospheric degradation of B(a)P, which favour source apportionment by receptor modelling. The lowest estimates of the source contribution (SCE) from BB were obtained with the levoglucosan tracer method and multi-linear regression analysis of daily variations in B(a)P concentrations using levoglucosan as the main predictor in combination with a few other predictors including gaseous pollutants and meteorological data. The standard uncertainty of these methods was driven by the uncertainty in the BB emission factor for levoglucosan and mounted to 90% (1 σ). Positive matrix factorization (PMF), using only PAH congeners as predictors, did not produce factors interpretable as emission sources. However, PMF utilizing a broad range of predictor compounds afforded five factors with compositions similar to emission sources. The yielded B(a)P SCEs for BB agreed well with results of chemical mass balance modelling (CMB). Both receptor models gave good predictions (p) of the observed (o) B(a)P concentrations (PMF: p/o = 89 ± 9%, CMB: p/o = 114 ± 17%) with lower uncertainties than the tracer methods (CMB 60%; PMF 54%; 1 σ). The average BB SCEs (mean ± 95% confidence interval) from these models were: 1.0 ± 0.4 ng m−3 at a kerbside in Milan, 1.0 ± 0.2 ng m−3 at six urban background stations in the Po Plain, 0.7 ± 0.3 ng m−3 at two rural background stations in the Po Plain, and 2.1 ± 1.1 ng m−3 at an urban background station in the Valtelline Valley representing 74 ± 32%, 79 ± 18%, 85 ± 33%, and 84 ± 46% of all modelled B(a)P sources, respectively.}, keywords = {} } Particle-bound benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) constitutes an air pollution problem in many areas of Europe and has been linked to biomass burning (BB). The present study, conducted in 2007 and 2009 at ten stations in the North Italian Po Plain and Valtelline Valley, examines four methods for the quantification of BB contributions to particle-bound B(a)P using data for 61 predictor compounds in more than 700 ambient PM10 and PM2.5 samples. The study was carried out during the heating season – a period of the year with minimal volatilization and atmospheric degradation of B(a)P, which favour source apportionment by receptor modelling. The lowest estimates of the source contribution (SCE) from BB were obtained with the levoglucosan tracer method and multi-linear regression analysis of daily variations in B(a)P concentrations using levoglucosan as the main predictor in combination with a few other predictors including gaseous pollutants and meteorological data. The standard uncertainty of these methods was driven by the uncertainty in the BB emission factor for levoglucosan and mounted to 90% (1 σ). Positive matrix factorization (PMF), using only PAH congeners as predictors, did not produce factors interpretable as emission sources. However, PMF utilizing a broad range of predictor compounds afforded five factors with compositions similar to emission sources. The yielded B(a)P SCEs for BB agreed well with results of chemical mass balance modelling (CMB). Both receptor models gave good predictions (p) of the observed (o) B(a)P concentrations (PMF: p/o = 89 ± 9%, CMB: p/o = 114 ± 17%) with lower uncertainties than the tracer methods (CMB 60%; PMF 54%; 1 σ). The average BB SCEs (mean ± 95% confidence interval) from these models were: 1.0 ± 0.4 ng m−3 at a kerbside in Milan, 1.0 ± 0.2 ng m−3 at six urban background stations in the Po Plain, 0.7 ± 0.3 ng m−3 at two rural background stations in the Po Plain, and 2.1 ± 1.1 ng m−3 at an urban background station in the Valtelline Valley representing 74 ± 32%, 79 ± 18%, 85 ± 33%, and 84 ± 46% of all modelled B(a)P sources, respectively. |
Sangiorgi,; Ferrero,; Perrone,; Bolzacchini,; Duane,; Larsen, Environmental Pollution, 159 (12), pp. 3545 - 3552, 2011, ISSN: 0269-7491. @article{Sangiorgi20113545, title = {Vertical distribution of hydrocarbons in the low troposphere below and above the mixing height: Tethered balloon measurements in Milan, Italy}, author = {G. Sangiorgi and L. Ferrero and M.G. Perrone and E. Bolzacchini and M. Duane and B.R. Larsen}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749111004453}, issn = {0269-7491}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {159}, number = {12}, pages = {3545 - 3552}, abstract = {A novel approach for measuring vertical profiles of HCs and particle number concentrations was described and applied in the low troposphere over Milan (Italy) during typical spring and summer days. Particle profiles yielded nearly homogeneous concentrations below the mixing height, with level-to-ground concentration ratios of 92–97%, while HCs showed a more pronounced decrease (74–95%). Vertical mixing and photochemical loss of HCs were demonstrated to cause these gradients. Much lower concentrations were observed for the profiles above the mixing height, where the HC mixtures showed also a different composition, which was partially explained by the horizontal advection of air with HC sources different to those prevailing at the site. The application of pseudo-first order kinetics for reactions between HCs and the hydroxyl radical allowed for the estimation of the vertical mixing time scale in the order of 100 ± 20 min.}, keywords = {} } A novel approach for measuring vertical profiles of HCs and particle number concentrations was described and applied in the low troposphere over Milan (Italy) during typical spring and summer days. Particle profiles yielded nearly homogeneous concentrations below the mixing height, with level-to-ground concentration ratios of 92–97%, while HCs showed a more pronounced decrease (74–95%). Vertical mixing and photochemical loss of HCs were demonstrated to cause these gradients. Much lower concentrations were observed for the profiles above the mixing height, where the HC mixtures showed also a different composition, which was partially explained by the horizontal advection of air with HC sources different to those prevailing at the site. The application of pseudo-first order kinetics for reactions between HCs and the hydroxyl radical allowed for the estimation of the vertical mixing time scale in the order of 100 ± 20 min. |
Ferrero,; Mocnik,; Ferrini,; Perrone,; Sangiorgi,; Bolzacchini, Science of The Total Environment, 409 (14), pp. 2824 - 2837, 2011, ISSN: 0048-9697. @article{Ferrero20112824, title = {Vertical profiles of aerosol absorption coefficient from micro-Aethalometer data and Mie calculation over Milan}, author = {L. Ferrero and G. Mocnik and B.S. Ferrini and M.G. Perrone and G. Sangiorgi and E. Bolzacchini}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711003792}, issn = {0048-9697}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {409}, number = {14}, pages = {2824 - 2837}, abstract = {Vertical profiles of aerosol number–size distribution and black carbon (BC) concentration were measured between ground-level and 500 m AGL over Milan. A tethered balloon was fitted with an instrumentation package consisting of the newly-developed micro-Aethalometer (microAeth® Model AE51, Magee Scientific, USA), an optical particle counter, and a portable meteorological station. At the same time, PM2.5 samples were collected both at ground-level and at a high altitude sampling site, enabling particle chemical composition to be determined. Vertical profiles and PM2.5 data were collected both within and above the mixing layer. Absorption coefficient (babs) profiles were calculated from the Aethalometer data: in order to do so, an optical enhancement factor (C), accounting for multiple light-scattering within the filter of the new microAeth® Model AE51, was determined for the first time. The value of this parameter C (2.05 ± 0.03 at λ = 880 nm) was calculated by comparing the Aethalometer attenuation coefficient and aerosol optical properties determined from OPC data along vertical profiles. Mie calculations were applied to the OPC number–size distribution data, and the aerosol refractive index was calculated using the effective medium approximation applied to aerosol chemical composition. The results compare well with AERONET data. The BC and babs profiles showed a sharp decrease at the mixing height (MH), and fairly constant values of babs and BC were found above the MH, representing 17 ± 2% of those values measured within the mixing layer. The BC fraction of aerosol volume was found to be lower above the MH: 48 ± 8% of the corresponding ground-level values. A statistical mean profile was calculated, both for BC and babs, to better describe their behaviour; the model enabled us to compute their average behaviour as a function of height, thus laying the foundations for valid parametrizations of vertical profile data which can be useful in both remote sensing and climatic studies.}, keywords = {} } Vertical profiles of aerosol number–size distribution and black carbon (BC) concentration were measured between ground-level and 500 m AGL over Milan. A tethered balloon was fitted with an instrumentation package consisting of the newly-developed micro-Aethalometer (microAeth® Model AE51, Magee Scientific, USA), an optical particle counter, and a portable meteorological station. At the same time, PM2.5 samples were collected both at ground-level and at a high altitude sampling site, enabling particle chemical composition to be determined. Vertical profiles and PM2.5 data were collected both within and above the mixing layer. Absorption coefficient (babs) profiles were calculated from the Aethalometer data: in order to do so, an optical enhancement factor (C), accounting for multiple light-scattering within the filter of the new microAeth® Model AE51, was determined for the first time. The value of this parameter C (2.05 ± 0.03 at λ = 880 nm) was calculated by comparing the Aethalometer attenuation coefficient and aerosol optical properties determined from OPC data along vertical profiles. Mie calculations were applied to the OPC number–size distribution data, and the aerosol refractive index was calculated using the effective medium approximation applied to aerosol chemical composition. The results compare well with AERONET data. The BC and babs profiles showed a sharp decrease at the mixing height (MH), and fairly constant values of babs and BC were found above the MH, representing 17 ± 2% of those values measured within the mixing layer. The BC fraction of aerosol volume was found to be lower above the MH: 48 ± 8% of the corresponding ground-level values. A statistical mean profile was calculated, both for BC and babs, to better describe their behaviour; the model enabled us to compute their average behaviour as a function of height, thus laying the foundations for valid parametrizations of vertical profile data which can be useful in both remote sensing and climatic studies. |
2010 |
Pietrogrande,; Mercuriali,; Perrone,; Ferrero,; Sangiorgi,; Bolzacchini, Environmental Science & Technology, 44 (11), pp. 4232-4240, 2010, (PMID: 20450188). @article{doi:10.1021/es1001242, title = {Distribution of n-Alkanes in the Northern Italy Aerosols: Data Handling of GC-MS Signals for Homologous Series Characterization}, author = {Pietrogrande, M. C. and Mercuriali, M. and Perrone, M. G. and Ferrero, L. and Sangiorgi, G. and Bolzacchini, E.}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es1001242}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Environmental Science & Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {11}, pages = {4232-4240}, abstract = {The paper describes the characterization of n-alkane homologous series present in PM samples performed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry analysis. The PM samples were collected in three locations in northern Italy: Milan, a large urban area, Oasi Bine, a rural site far from big city centers, and Alpe San Colombano, a remote, high altitude site in the Alps. They represent different particle sizes (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) and seasons (summer, fall, and winter). The analyzed samples were characterized in terms of PM total mass, total concentration of C20−C32 n-alkanes and carbon preference index, CPI, to quantify the relative abundance of odd versus even n-alkanes. As alternative to the conventional method based on peak integration, a chemometric approach based on autocovariance function (EACVF) computation was found reliable to characterize the homologous series. In particular two parameters have proven useful chemical markers for tracking the biogenic and anthropogenic origins of n-alkanes: CPIEACVF and series %, estimating the % n-alkanes abundance relative to total alkane concentration. The investigated samples display a large variation in the n-alkanes relative abundance: the lowest values (series % = 1−14%) were found in summer and the highest (series % = 24−48%) in winter. In addition, a considerable seasonal variation of CPIEACVF values can be identified for all the sampling sites: the CPIEACVF values are close to 1 (CPIEACVF = 0.8−1.2) in the cold seasons, revealing a strong contribution from anthropogenic emissions, while spreader values (CPIEACVF = 0.9−3) were found in the warm season, that is, reflecting a variable contribution from biogenic sources in combination with anthropogenic emissions.}, note = {PMID: 20450188}, keywords = {} } The paper describes the characterization of n-alkane homologous series present in PM samples performed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry analysis. The PM samples were collected in three locations in northern Italy: Milan, a large urban area, Oasi Bine, a rural site far from big city centers, and Alpe San Colombano, a remote, high altitude site in the Alps. They represent different particle sizes (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) and seasons (summer, fall, and winter). The analyzed samples were characterized in terms of PM total mass, total concentration of C20−C32 n-alkanes and carbon preference index, CPI, to quantify the relative abundance of odd versus even n-alkanes. As alternative to the conventional method based on peak integration, a chemometric approach based on autocovariance function (EACVF) computation was found reliable to characterize the homologous series. In particular two parameters have proven useful chemical markers for tracking the biogenic and anthropogenic origins of n-alkanes: CPIEACVF and series %, estimating the % n-alkanes abundance relative to total alkane concentration. The investigated samples display a large variation in the n-alkanes relative abundance: the lowest values (series % = 1−14%) were found in summer and the highest (series % = 24−48%) in winter. In addition, a considerable seasonal variation of CPIEACVF values can be identified for all the sampling sites: the CPIEACVF values are close to 1 (CPIEACVF = 0.8−1.2) in the cold seasons, revealing a strong contribution from anthropogenic emissions, while spreader values (CPIEACVF = 0.9−3) were found in the warm season, that is, reflecting a variable contribution from biogenic sources in combination with anthropogenic emissions. |
Ferrero,; Perrone,; Petraccone,; Sangiorgi,; Ferrini,; Lo Porto,; Lazzati,; Cocchi,; Bruno,; Greco,; Riccio,; Bolzacchini, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10 (8), pp. 3915–3932, 2010. @article{acp-10-3915-2010, title = {Vertically-resolved particle size distribution within and above the mixing layer over the Milan metropolitan area}, author = {Ferrero, L. and Perrone, M. G. and Petraccone, S. and Sangiorgi, G. and Ferrini, B. S. and Lo Porto, C. and Lazzati, Z. and Cocchi, D. and Bruno, F. and Greco, F. and Riccio, A. and Bolzacchini, E.}, url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/3915/2010/}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {3915--3932}, abstract = {Vertical aerosol profiles were directly measured over the city of Milan during three years (2005–2008) of field campaigns. An optical particle counter, a portable meteorological station and a miniaturized cascade impactor were deployed on a tethered balloon. More than 300 vertical profiles were measured, both in winter and summer, mainly in conditions of clear, dry skies. The mixing height was determined from the observed vertical aerosol concentration gradient, and from potential temperature and relative humidity profiles. Results show that inter-consistent mixing heights can be retrieved highlighting good correlations between particle dispersion in the atmosphere and meteorological parameters. Mixing height growth speed was calculated for both winter and summer showing the low potential atmospheric dispersion in winter. Aerosol number size distribution and chemical composition profiles allowed us to investigate particle behaviour along height. Aerosol measurements showed changes in size distribution according to mixing height. Coarse particle profiles (dp>1.6 μm) were distributed differently than the fine ones (dp<1.6 μm) were, at different heights of the mixing layer. The sedimentation process influenced the coarse particle profiles, and led to a reduction in mean particle diameter for those particles observed by comparing data above the mixing height with ground data (−14.9±0.6% in winter and −10.7±1.0% in summer). Conversely, the mean particle diameter of fine particles increased above the mixing height under stable atmospheric conditions; the average increase, observed by comparing data above the mixing height with ground data, was +2.1±0.1% in winter and +3.9±0.3% in summer. A hierarchical statistical model was created to describe the changes in the size distribution of fine particles along height. The proposed model can be used to estimate the typical vertical profile characterising launches within pre-specified groups starting from: aerosol size and meteorological conditions measured at ground-level, and a mixing height estimation. The average increase of fine particle diameter, estimated on the basis of the model, was +1.9±0.5% in winter and +6.1±1.2% in summer, in keeping with experimental findings.}, keywords = {} } Vertical aerosol profiles were directly measured over the city of Milan during three years (2005–2008) of field campaigns. An optical particle counter, a portable meteorological station and a miniaturized cascade impactor were deployed on a tethered balloon. More than 300 vertical profiles were measured, both in winter and summer, mainly in conditions of clear, dry skies. The mixing height was determined from the observed vertical aerosol concentration gradient, and from potential temperature and relative humidity profiles. Results show that inter-consistent mixing heights can be retrieved highlighting good correlations between particle dispersion in the atmosphere and meteorological parameters. Mixing height growth speed was calculated for both winter and summer showing the low potential atmospheric dispersion in winter. Aerosol number size distribution and chemical composition profiles allowed us to investigate particle behaviour along height. Aerosol measurements showed changes in size distribution according to mixing height. Coarse particle profiles (dp>1.6 μm) were distributed differently than the fine ones (dp<1.6 μm) were, at different heights of the mixing layer. The sedimentation process influenced the coarse particle profiles, and led to a reduction in mean particle diameter for those particles observed by comparing data above the mixing height with ground data (−14.9±0.6% in winter and −10.7±1.0% in summer). Conversely, the mean particle diameter of fine particles increased above the mixing height under stable atmospheric conditions; the average increase, observed by comparing data above the mixing height with ground data, was +2.1±0.1% in winter and +3.9±0.3% in summer. A hierarchical statistical model was created to describe the changes in the size distribution of fine particles along height. The proposed model can be used to estimate the typical vertical profile characterising launches within pre-specified groups starting from: aerosol size and meteorological conditions measured at ground-level, and a mixing height estimation. The average increase of fine particle diameter, estimated on the basis of the model, was +1.9±0.5% in winter and +6.1±1.2% in summer, in keeping with experimental findings. |
Gualtieri, Maurizio; Øvrevik, Johan; Holme, Jørn; Perrone, Grazia; Bolzacchini, Ezio; Schwarze, Per; Camatini, Marina Toxicology in Vitro, 24 (1), pp. 29 - 39, 2010, ISSN: 0887-2333. @article{Gualtieri201029, title = {Differences in cytotoxicity versus pro-inflammatory potency of different PM fractions in human epithelial lung cells}, author = {Maurizio Gualtieri and Johan Øvrevik and Jørn A. Holme and M. Grazia Perrone and Ezio Bolzacchini and Per E. Schwarze and Marina Camatini}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088723330900280X}, issn = {0887-2333}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Toxicology in Vitro}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {29 - 39}, abstract = {Air pollution in Milan causes health concern due to the high concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). The aim of this study was to investigate possible seasonal differences in PM10 and PM2.5 chemical composition and their biological effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine release and cytotoxicity. The PM was sampled during winter and summer seasons. The winter PMs had higher levels of PAHs than the summer samples which contained a greater amount of mineral dust elements. The PM toxicity was tested in the human pulmonary epithelial cell lines BEAS-2B and A549. The winter PMs were more cytotoxic than summer samples, whereas the summer PM10 exhibited a higher pro-inflammatory potential, as measured by ELISA. This inflammatory potential seemed partly due to biological components such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as evaluated by the use of Polymixin B. Interestingly, in the BEAS-2B cells the winter PM2.5 reduced proliferation due to a mitotic delay/arrest, while no such effects were observed in the A549 cells. These results underline that the in vitro responsiveness to PM may be cell line dependent and suggest that the PM different properties may trigger different endpoints such as inflammation, perturbation of cell cycle and cell death.}, keywords = {} } Air pollution in Milan causes health concern due to the high concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). The aim of this study was to investigate possible seasonal differences in PM10 and PM2.5 chemical composition and their biological effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine release and cytotoxicity. The PM was sampled during winter and summer seasons. The winter PMs had higher levels of PAHs than the summer samples which contained a greater amount of mineral dust elements. The PM toxicity was tested in the human pulmonary epithelial cell lines BEAS-2B and A549. The winter PMs were more cytotoxic than summer samples, whereas the summer PM10 exhibited a higher pro-inflammatory potential, as measured by ELISA. This inflammatory potential seemed partly due to biological components such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as evaluated by the use of Polymixin B. Interestingly, in the BEAS-2B cells the winter PM2.5 reduced proliferation due to a mitotic delay/arrest, while no such effects were observed in the A549 cells. These results underline that the in vitro responsiveness to PM may be cell line dependent and suggest that the PM different properties may trigger different endpoints such as inflammation, perturbation of cell cycle and cell death. |
Perrone, Maria Grazia; Gualtieri, Maurizio; Ferrero, Luca; Porto, Claudia Lo; Udisti, Roberto; Bolzacchini, Ezio; Camatini, Marina Seasonal variations in chemical composition and in vitro biological effects of fine PM from Milan (Article) Chemosphere, 78 (11), pp. 1368 - 1377, 2010, ISSN: 0045-6535. @article{Perrone20101368, title = {Seasonal variations in chemical composition and in vitro biological effects of fine PM from Milan}, author = {Maria Grazia Perrone and Maurizio Gualtieri and Luca Ferrero and Claudia Lo Porto and Roberto Udisti and Ezio Bolzacchini and Marina Camatini}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510000020}, issn = {0045-6535}, year = {2010}, date = {2010-01-01}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {78}, number = {11}, pages = {1368 - 1377}, abstract = {Fine particulate matter (PM1 and PM2.5) was collected in Milan over the summer (August–September) and winter (January–March) seasons of 2007/2008. Particles were analyzed for their chemical composition (inorganic ions, elements and PAHs) and the effects produced on the human lung carcinoma epithelial cell line A549. In vitro tests were performed to assess cell viability with MTT assay, cytokine release (IL-6 and IL-8) with ELISA, and DNA damage with COMET assay. Results were investigated by bivariate analysis and multivariate data analysis (Principal Component Analysis, PCA) to investigate the relationship between PM chemical composition and the biological effects produced by cell exposure to 12 μg cm−2. The different seasonal chemical composition of PM showed to influence some biological properties. Summer PM samples had a high mass contribution of SO 4 = (13 ± 2%) and were enriched in some elements, like Al, As, Cr, Cu, and Zn, compared to winter PM samples. Cell viability reduction was two times higher for summer PM samples in comparison with winter ones (27 ± 5% and 14 ± 5%, respectively), and the highest correlation coefficients between cell viability reduction and single chemical components were with As (R2 = 0.57) and SO 4 = (R2 = 0.47). PM1 affected cell viability reduction and induced IL-8 release, and these events were interrelated (R2 = 0.95), and apparently connected with the same chemical compounds. PM2.5 fraction, which was enriched in Ca++ and Mg++ (from soil dust), and Al, Fe, Zn, Ba Mn, produced cell viability reduction and DNA damage (R2 = 0.73).}, keywords = {} } Fine particulate matter (PM1 and PM2.5) was collected in Milan over the summer (August–September) and winter (January–March) seasons of 2007/2008. Particles were analyzed for their chemical composition (inorganic ions, elements and PAHs) and the effects produced on the human lung carcinoma epithelial cell line A549. In vitro tests were performed to assess cell viability with MTT assay, cytokine release (IL-6 and IL-8) with ELISA, and DNA damage with COMET assay. Results were investigated by bivariate analysis and multivariate data analysis (Principal Component Analysis, PCA) to investigate the relationship between PM chemical composition and the biological effects produced by cell exposure to 12 μg cm−2. The different seasonal chemical composition of PM showed to influence some biological properties. Summer PM samples had a high mass contribution of SO 4 = (13 ± 2%) and were enriched in some elements, like Al, As, Cr, Cu, and Zn, compared to winter PM samples. Cell viability reduction was two times higher for summer PM samples in comparison with winter ones (27 ± 5% and 14 ± 5%, respectively), and the highest correlation coefficients between cell viability reduction and single chemical components were with As (R2 = 0.57) and SO 4 = (R2 = 0.47). PM1 affected cell viability reduction and induced IL-8 release, and these events were interrelated (R2 = 0.95), and apparently connected with the same chemical compounds. PM2.5 fraction, which was enriched in Ca++ and Mg++ (from soil dust), and Al, Fe, Zn, Ba Mn, produced cell viability reduction and DNA damage (R2 = 0.73). |
2009 |
Gualtieri, Maurizio; Mantecca, Paride; Corvaja, Viviana; Longhin, Eleonora; Perrone, Maria Grazia; Bolzacchini, Ezio; Camatini, Marina Toxicology Letters, 188 (1), pp. 52 - 62, 2009, ISSN: 0378-4274. @article{Gualtieri200952, title = {Winter fine particulate matter from Milan induces morphological and functional alterations in human pulmonary epithelial cells (A549)}, author = {Maurizio Gualtieri and Paride Mantecca and Viviana Corvaja and Eleonora Longhin and Maria Grazia Perrone and Ezio Bolzacchini and Marina Camatini}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378427409001520}, issn = {0378-4274}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {Toxicology Letters}, volume = {188}, number = {1}, pages = {52 - 62}, abstract = {Samples of PM2.5 were gravimetrically collected during the winter 2005/2006 in the urban area of Milan (North Italy). Samples were chemically characterized and the particles were detached from filters to determine their cytotoxic effects on the A549 cell line. Based on the potential toxicological relevance of its components, Milan winter PM2.5 contained high concentrations of pro-oxidant transition metals and PAHs, while re-suspended particles showed a relatively high frequency of dimensional classes ranging from 40 nm to 300 nm. A549 cells exposed to particle suspensions showed a concentration-dependent decrease in viability, starting from 10 μg/cm2. Phagocytosis of particles by A549 cells and particle aggregates were morphologically characterized and seemed to depend on both particle concentration and exposure time, with the majority of particles being engulfed in membrane-bound vacuoles after 24 h of exposure. The ability of ultrafine particles to penetrate and spread throughout the cells was also verified. Cell membrane lysis and mitochondrial ultrastructural disruption appeared to be the main modifications induced by PM2.5 on A549 cells. Concomitantly to the adverse effects observed in terms of cell mortality and ultrastructural lesions, a significant intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed, suggesting that the cytotoxicity, exerted by the winter PM2.5 in Milan, derived also from its oxidative potential, probably associated with particle-adsorbed metals and PAHs.}, keywords = {} } Samples of PM2.5 were gravimetrically collected during the winter 2005/2006 in the urban area of Milan (North Italy). Samples were chemically characterized and the particles were detached from filters to determine their cytotoxic effects on the A549 cell line. Based on the potential toxicological relevance of its components, Milan winter PM2.5 contained high concentrations of pro-oxidant transition metals and PAHs, while re-suspended particles showed a relatively high frequency of dimensional classes ranging from 40 nm to 300 nm. A549 cells exposed to particle suspensions showed a concentration-dependent decrease in viability, starting from 10 μg/cm2. Phagocytosis of particles by A549 cells and particle aggregates were morphologically characterized and seemed to depend on both particle concentration and exposure time, with the majority of particles being engulfed in membrane-bound vacuoles after 24 h of exposure. The ability of ultrafine particles to penetrate and spread throughout the cells was also verified. Cell membrane lysis and mitochondrial ultrastructural disruption appeared to be the main modifications induced by PM2.5 on A549 cells. Concomitantly to the adverse effects observed in terms of cell mortality and ultrastructural lesions, a significant intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed, suggesting that the cytotoxicity, exerted by the winter PM2.5 in Milan, derived also from its oxidative potential, probably associated with particle-adsorbed metals and PAHs. |
Perrone M.G., Ferrero Bolzacchini Cetta Particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban area of Milan (Italy) (Article) GIMT Giornale Italiano delle Malattie del Torace, 63 (6), pp. 385-396, 2009. @article{GIMT, title = {Particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban area of Milan (Italy)}, author = {Perrone, M.G., Ferrero, L., Bolzacchini, E, Cetta, F.}, year = {2009}, date = {2009-01-01}, journal = {GIMT Giornale Italiano delle Malattie del Torace}, volume = {63}, number = {6}, pages = {385-396}, abstract = {Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were monitored in samples from atmospheric particulate matter (PM) for more than two years ( July 2001-Dec 2003) in a background site of the urban area of Milan (Italy). Nine PAHs were sistematically analyzed in 24-h PM2.5 and PM10 samples by ultrasonic extraction and HPLC-FD analysis: BaA, CHR, BeP, BbF, BkF, BaP, BghiP, dBahA and IcdP. All of them were quite exclusively present in the particulate phase (96-100%). A strong seasonal trend was observed for PAHs concentrations, with maximum autumn-winter concentrations (Σ-9 PAHs (PM2.5) = 18.8 ± 6.9 ng m -3) and minimum spring-summer values (Σ-9 PAHs (PM2.5) = 1.2 ± 0.6 ng m -3).The same trend was observed for the PAHs relative contribution in atmospheric particles, with autumn-winter particles, which were about 6 folds richer in PAHs than spring-summer, mainly because of different meteorological conditions. Even if PAHs make up a very small fraction of particles (Σ-9 PAHs ≅ 0.2% of yearly PM concentration), high PAH concentration during winter indicate a different seasonal \"toxicological quality\" of atmospheric PM, as PAHs are known to be very toxic compounds which are considered to be responsible for evident health side effects in urban areas. The nine analyzed PAHs were strictly correlated to each other, and a quite constant PAH pattern was observed in the background urban site during all the year, with BaP (99/30/CE) being about 12% of total PAHs. The nine particulate-bound PAHs were usually distributed in fine particles ([PAHs]PM 2.5 >95%[PAHs]PM 10). Therefore PAH monitoring should focus mainly on this particle fraction (PM 2.5 or eventually PM1), which is also more harmful, being entirely within the respirable fraction of PM. Due to the extreme variability in PAH concentration, and to the complexity of host-particle interaction, caution is suggested before stating a predifinite role for PAHs (and related patho-physiological mechanisms), in the occurrence of pollution related health effects.}, keywords = {} } Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were monitored in samples from atmospheric particulate matter (PM) for more than two years ( July 2001-Dec 2003) in a background site of the urban area of Milan (Italy). Nine PAHs were sistematically analyzed in 24-h PM2.5 and PM10 samples by ultrasonic extraction and HPLC-FD analysis: BaA, CHR, BeP, BbF, BkF, BaP, BghiP, dBahA and IcdP. All of them were quite exclusively present in the particulate phase (96-100%). A strong seasonal trend was observed for PAHs concentrations, with maximum autumn-winter concentrations (Σ-9 PAHs (PM2.5) = 18.8 ± 6.9 ng m -3) and minimum spring-summer values (Σ-9 PAHs (PM2.5) = 1.2 ± 0.6 ng m -3).The same trend was observed for the PAHs relative contribution in atmospheric particles, with autumn-winter particles, which were about 6 folds richer in PAHs than spring-summer, mainly because of different meteorological conditions. Even if PAHs make up a very small fraction of particles (Σ-9 PAHs ≅ 0.2% of yearly PM concentration), high PAH concentration during winter indicate a different seasonal "toxicological quality" of atmospheric PM, as PAHs are known to be very toxic compounds which are considered to be responsible for evident health side effects in urban areas. The nine analyzed PAHs were strictly correlated to each other, and a quite constant PAH pattern was observed in the background urban site during all the year, with BaP (99/30/CE) being about 12% of total PAHs. The nine particulate-bound PAHs were usually distributed in fine particles ([PAHs]PM 2.5 >95%[PAHs]PM 10). Therefore PAH monitoring should focus mainly on this particle fraction (PM 2.5 or eventually PM1), which is also more harmful, being entirely within the respirable fraction of PM. Due to the extreme variability in PAH concentration, and to the complexity of host-particle interaction, caution is suggested before stating a predifinite role for PAHs (and related patho-physiological mechanisms), in the occurrence of pollution related health effects. |
2007 |
Ferrero L; Bolzacchini, Perrone MG; Sangiorgi Lo Porto Ferrini BS; Lazzati Petraccone Vertical Profiles of Particulate Matter over Milan during Winter 2005/2006 (Article) Fresenius Environmental Bullettin, 16 (6), pp. 697-700, 2007. (BibTeX) @article{2007, title = {Vertical Profiles of Particulate Matter over Milan during Winter 2005/2006}, author = {Ferrero, L; Bolzacchini, E; Perrone, MG; Sangiorgi, G.; Lo Porto, C; Ferrini, BS; Lazzati, Z; Petraccone, S;}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-06-15}, journal = {Fresenius Environmental Bullettin}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {697-700}, keywords = {} } |
2006 |
Owoade, Oyediran; Olise, Felix; Obioh, Imoh; Olaniyi, Hezekiah; Bolzacchini, Ezio; Ferrero, Luca; Perrone, Grazia Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 564 (1), pp. 315 - 318, 2006, ISSN: 0168-9002. @article{Owoade2006315, title = {PM10 sampler deposited air particulates: Ascertaining uniformity of sample on filter through rotated exposure to radiation}, author = {Oyediran K. Owoade and Felix S. Olise and Imoh B. Obioh and Hezekiah B. Olaniyi and Ezio Bolzacchini and Luca Ferrero and Grazia Perrone}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900206006000}, issn = {0168-9002}, year = {2006}, date = {2006-01-01}, journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment}, volume = {564}, number = {1}, pages = {315 - 318}, abstract = {For reproducibility of analytical results of samples deposited on filters using PM10 sampler, homogeneity of the sample on the filter is very important especially when the size of the X-ray beam for the analysis is less than the size of filter. It is against this background that the air particulate samples collected on using PM10 samplers are analysed to determine the elemental concentrations. Each sample was divided into four quadrants and each was analysed under same conditions to determine if the particles were deposited uniformly over the filter. Each analysis was done using EDXRF technique. The spectrometer consists of four secondary targets, which are automatically switched to in sequence in analysing each sample. The concentration of various elements detected was determined using TURBOQUANT (a brand name for a SPECTRO method which is used for screening analysis). Sixteen elements were detected in every sample. Results show that there was less than 10% deviation in the concentrations in different quadrants. There were a few elements like Ba, Cs, etc., which have deviation greater than 20%. The concentrations of these latter elements were close to detection limits of the spectrometer. We conclude that the analytical result of particulate samples deposited on filters by the PM10 sampler can be reliable in terms of the homogeneity of the deposition. For such analytes with low concentrations, it would be important that the sampling time be increased to allow for higher mass deposition on the filter.}, keywords = {} } For reproducibility of analytical results of samples deposited on filters using PM10 sampler, homogeneity of the sample on the filter is very important especially when the size of the X-ray beam for the analysis is less than the size of filter. It is against this background that the air particulate samples collected on using PM10 samplers are analysed to determine the elemental concentrations. Each sample was divided into four quadrants and each was analysed under same conditions to determine if the particles were deposited uniformly over the filter. Each analysis was done using EDXRF technique. The spectrometer consists of four secondary targets, which are automatically switched to in sequence in analysing each sample. The concentration of various elements detected was determined using TURBOQUANT (a brand name for a SPECTRO method which is used for screening analysis). Sixteen elements were detected in every sample. Results show that there was less than 10% deviation in the concentrations in different quadrants. There were a few elements like Ba, Cs, etc., which have deviation greater than 20%. The concentrations of these latter elements were close to detection limits of the spectrometer. We conclude that the analytical result of particulate samples deposited on filters by the PM10 sampler can be reliable in terms of the homogeneity of the deposition. For such analytes with low concentrations, it would be important that the sampling time be increased to allow for higher mass deposition on the filter. |
Pubblicazioni
2014 |
Atmospheric Environment, 82 (0), pp. 391 - 400, 2014, ISSN: 1352-2310. |
2013 |
Aerosol Corrosion Prevention and Energy-Saving Strategies in the Design of Green Data Centers (Article) Environmental Science & Technology, 47 (8), pp. 3856-3864, 2013. |
Rendiconti Lincei, 24 (4), pp. 319-328, 2013, ISSN: 2037-4631. |
Indoor airborne particle sources and semi-volatile partitioning effect of outdoor fine PM in offices (Article) Atmospheric Environment, 65 (0), pp. 205 - 214, 2013, ISSN: 1352-2310. |
Environmental Pollution, 176 (0), pp. 215 - 227, 2013, ISSN: 0269-7491. |
2012 |
Science of The Total Environment, 414 (0), pp. 343 - 355, 2012, ISSN: 0048-9697. |
Wintertime aerosol dynamics and chemical composition across the mixing layer over basin valleys (Article) Atmospheric Environment, 56 (0), pp. 143 - 153, 2012, ISSN: 1352-2310. |
2011 |
Mixing height determination by tethered balloon-based particle soundings and modeling simulations (Article) Atmospheric Research, 102 (1–2), pp. 145 - 156, 2011, ISSN: 0169-8095. |
Atmospheric Environment, 45 (39), pp. 7266 - 7275, 2011, ISSN: 1352-2310. |
Environmental Pollution, 159 (12), pp. 3545 - 3552, 2011, ISSN: 0269-7491. |
Science of The Total Environment, 409 (14), pp. 2824 - 2837, 2011, ISSN: 0048-9697. |
2010 |
Environmental Science & Technology, 44 (11), pp. 4232-4240, 2010, (PMID: 20450188). |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10 (8), pp. 3915–3932, 2010. |
Toxicology in Vitro, 24 (1), pp. 29 - 39, 2010, ISSN: 0887-2333. |
Seasonal variations in chemical composition and in vitro biological effects of fine PM from Milan (Article) Chemosphere, 78 (11), pp. 1368 - 1377, 2010, ISSN: 0045-6535. |
2009 |
Toxicology Letters, 188 (1), pp. 52 - 62, 2009, ISSN: 0378-4274. |
Particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban area of Milan (Italy) (Article) GIMT Giornale Italiano delle Malattie del Torace, 63 (6), pp. 385-396, 2009. |
2007 |
Vertical Profiles of Particulate Matter over Milan during Winter 2005/2006 (Article) Fresenius Environmental Bullettin, 16 (6), pp. 697-700, 2007. |
2006 |
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 564 (1), pp. 315 - 318, 2006, ISSN: 0168-9002. |